Researchers at National Taiwan University have developed bioinspired composites that mimic bone and bamboo structures to improve strength and toughness simultaneously. Using artificial intelligence, simulations, and 3D printing, the team discovered how soft layers near cracks can prevent catastrophic failure.
Nature has spent millions of years developing materials that are both strong and resistant to fracture. Bone, for example, can absorb substantial energy without catastrophic failure, while bamboo uses gradual structural variations to withstand bending and external forces. Inspired by these natural systems, researchers at National Taiwan University have developed a new class of bioinspired composite materials that combine design principles from both bone and bamboo.
The research team designed hybrid composites containing stiff and soft regions arranged in carefully controlled gradients. Using computer simulations, they investigated how the arrangement of these layers influences crack propagation and fracture behavior. Surprisingly, the researchers found that placing a softer material layer near a crack or notch could actually improve both strength and toughness at the same time. The study is published in Composites Part B: Engineering.
Normally, soft materials are expected to weaken a structure. However, the researchers showed that strategically placing compliant layers near stress concentration regions redistributed stress and delayed crack growth. Instead of propagating directly through the structure, cracks were forced to deflect and propagate along more tortuous paths, allowing the material to absorb more energy before failure.
To accelerate the discovery of improved designs, the team also trained an artificial intelligence model capable of predicting the mechanical behavior of thousands of possible material configurations. Even though the AI model was trained using only a relatively small dataset, it successfully predicted the strength and toughness trends across a much larger design space.
The researchers then fabricated selected designs using multimaterial 3D printing and experimentally confirmed the computational predictions. The printed composites showed improved fracture resistance and energy absorption, validating the effectiveness of the bioinspired gradient design strategy.
The study demonstrates how combining natural design principles with artificial intelligence and additive manufacturing can accelerate the development of next-generation lightweight, damage-resistant structural materials. Potential future applications include protective structures, aerospace materials, robotics, and advanced engineering components that require high mechanical reliability.
"Nature achieves exceptional mechanical performance not through uniformity, but through carefully organized structural variations. Inspired by bone and bamboo, we found that strategically introducing local softness can significantly enhance fracture resistance in structural composites," says co-corresponding author Dr. Shu-Wei Chang, professor of civil engineering at National Taiwan University.
More information
Hsien-Chun Chen et al, Tough bioinspired composites through bone - bamboo hybrid gradient designs: Simulation, deep learning, and 3D-printing, Composites Part B: Engineering (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113595
Key concepts
Computational additive manufacturing
Low-carbon construction materials
Provided by National Taiwan University